Influential Mathematicians: Frigyes Riesz
Welcome back to our pre-course newsletters aimed at highlighting mathematicians that have directly or indirectly contributed to the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics.
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Going back to the topic of influential mathematicians, today I'll cover Frigyes Riesz.
Who was Frigyes Riesz?
The School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrew has a pretty comprehensive bio on Frigyes Riesz that I've summarised for you below.
Frigyes (or Frederic in German) Riesz studied at Budapest. He went to Göttingen and Zürich to further his studies and obtained his doctorate from Budapest in 1902. His doctoral dissertation was on geometry. He spent two years teaching in schools before being appointed to a university post.
Riesz was a founder of functional analysis and his work has many important applications in physics. He built on ideas introduced by Fréchet in his dissertation, using Fréchet's ideas of distance to provide a link between Lebesgue's work on real functions and the area of integral equations developed by Hilbert and his student Schmidt.
In 1907 and 1909 Riesz produced representation theorems for functional on quadratic Lebesgue integrable functions and, in the second paper, in terms of a Stieltjes integral. The following year he introduced the space of qq-fold Lebesgue integrable functions and so he began the study of normed function spaces, since, for q ≥ 3q≥3 such spaces are not Hilbert spaces. Riesz introduced the idea of the 'weak convergence' of a sequence of functions ( f_{n}(x)fn(x) ). A satisfactory theory of series of orthonormal functions only became possible after the invention of the Lebesgue integral and this theory was largely the work of Riesz.
Riesz's work of 1910 marks the start of operator theory. In 1918 his work came close to an axiomatic theory for Banach spaces, which were set up axiomatically two years later by Banach in his dissertation.Riesz was appointed to a chair in Kolozsvár in Hungary in 1911. However, the Hungarian government was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June, 1920. Hungary was left with less than one third of the land that had previously been Hungary. Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia all took over large areas but Austria, Poland and Italy also gained land from Hungary. Kolozsvár was no longer in Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon but rather it was in Romania and was renamed Cluj, so the Hungarian University there had to move within the new Hungarian borders and it moved to Szeged in 1920, where there had previously been no university.
In Szeged in 1922 Riesz set up the János Bolyai Mathematical Institute in a joint venture with Haar. Of course the Institute was named after the famous Hungarian mathematician whose birthplace was Kolozsvár, the town from which the university had just been forced to move. Riesz became editor of the newly founded journal of the Institute Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum which quickly became a major source of mathematics. Riesz was to publish many papers in this journal, the first in 1922 being on Egorov's theorem on linear functionals. It was published in the first part of the first volume. In 1945 Riesz was appointed to the chair of mathematics in the University of Budapest.
Many of Riesz's fundamental findings in functional analysis were incorporated with those of Banach. His theorem, now called the Riesz-Fischer theorem, which he proved in 1907, is fundamental in the Fourier analysis of Hilbert space. It was the mathematical basis for proving that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics were equivalent. This is of fundamental importance in early quantum theory. Riesz made many contributions to other areas including ergodic theory where he gave an elementary proof of the mean ergodic theorem in 1938. He also studied orthonormal series and topology.
Riesz received many honours for his work. He was elected to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and, in 1949, he was awarded its Kossuth Prize. He was elected to the Paris Academy of Sciences and to the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund in Sweden. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Szeged, Budapest and Paris.
Quantum Formalism Influence
As mentioned in the bio above, his theorem now called Riesz–Fischer theorem is a fundamental result that paved the way for the likes of John von Neumann to show physicists that what they thought were two competing quantum theories (Heisenberg vs Schrodinger pictures) are 'unitarily equivalent' i.e the underlying Hilbert spaces are isomorphic.
Riesz is also considered one of the founders of Functional Analysis. The branch of mathematics that the general mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics is built upon. On a curious note, the reason that Dirac's bracket notation makes some mathematical sense is thanks to Riesz representation theorem! :)
That’s it for today! I’ll end with a recommendation of some reading materials related to Riesz:
Author: Bambordé Baldé, co-founder at Zaiku Group. Please take our upcoming quantum lectures start date survey if you haven’t already done so - we’ll keep it up until the end of this month!